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蜜雪冰城:全球餐饮业老大,已超越麦当劳

以坚韧精神铸就的冰淇淋事业:四次拆迁如何催生出一个全球商业帝国

1997年,一个来自农村的小伙子张红超,站在中国郑州街头一个尘土飞扬的角落,注视着一台简陋、发出刺耳声响的机器。由于买不起商用设备,他用废弃的电机和旧自行车零件,亲手组装了一台刨冰机。当时他身无分文,唯一的启动资金是3000元人民币。这笔钱并非来自银行或风险投资人,而是他的祖母倾其所有,将毕生积蓄交到了他手中。他给这个小摊位取名为“寒流”。

随之而来的是长达十年的残酷磨难与心碎历程。

张红超最初经营的三个摊位都以彻底失败告终,原因在于客流量极度匮乏。为了生存,他曾尝试转行养殖牲畜和售卖街头小吃,但每一次尝试都让他本就脆弱的资本消耗殆尽。当他最终重回冷饮行业时,一场新的噩梦随之降临。

1999年至2003年间,随着城市经历快速的现代化进程,当地政府先后四次拆除了他的店面。

推土机四次开来,店面四次化为瓦砾,他的事业也四次归零。

换作常人,恐怕早已崩溃。然而,城市可以拆毁砖墙,却永远无法摧毁张红超的意志。在他看来,店面不过是暂时的载体,而他始终坚守着一个核心使命:让大众都能享用得起美味、清爽的冷饮。

2006年,转机终于到来。当时,高端西方冰淇淋品牌大举涌入中国市场,其售卖的软冰淇淋甜筒定价在4到5元之间。对于富裕阶层而言,这不过是九牛一毛;但对于张红超所熟悉的工薪阶层学生和生活拮据的家庭来说,这却是一种遥不可及的奢侈。

张红超决定向这种“高端壁垒”发起挑战。他把自己关起来,用鲜奶和鸡蛋反复试验,成功复刻出了软冰淇淋的配方,并推出了售价仅为1元人民币的冰淇淋甜筒。

他考虑的并非如何从消费者的口袋里榨取最大财富,而是如何将价格压到极致,从而赢得顾客的心。市场反响极其热烈,店外排起了长龙——现代“蜜雪冰城”由此诞生。

即便如此,挫折并未就此放过他。冬天来临时,那些主营冰淇淋的加盟店遭遇了大规模倒闭潮。张红超与兄弟果断转型,在菜单中加入了平价鲜柠檬茶和热奶茶,为合作伙伴们开辟出一条全年皆可盈利的生存之道。

他们意识到,若要维持低价,就不能依赖中间商。于是,他们自建工厂、仓库和物流网络,使蜜雪冰城从一家脆弱的零售商,蜕变为势不可挡的B2B供应链巨头。

如今,蜜雪冰城已跻身全球餐饮业的顶尖行列,在全球拥有近6万家门店,门店数量远超麦当劳(约4.6万家)。

作为一家实力雄厚的上市企业,蜜雪冰城的财务架构独具匠心。它并不从加盟商的口袋里“抽成”获利,而是通过担任整个商业网络的核心制造商与分销商,创造出数十亿元的净利润。

在全球通胀加剧、原材料成本飙升之际,蜜雪冰城并未将负担盲目转嫁给下游。凭借庞大的规模优势,公司通过长期供应合同和先进的农业合作模式,有效抵御了市场波动带来的冲击。

这种以人为本的生态系统,将加盟商和供应商视为真正的合作伙伴,而非仅仅是数字。

正因为张氏兄弟曾亲历破产的苦痛,他们在经济低迷时期,始终坚持为加盟商降低原材料成本。与此同时,蜜雪冰城通过严苛的数字化质量管控体系,捍卫品牌价值,确保“平价”绝不意味着“牺牲安全”。

这,正是其财务治理与可持续发展战略的精髓所在。蜜雪冰城的历程为我们上了一堂关于战略与人性的深刻一课:真正持久的规模化,并非源于从少数人身上榨取高额利润,而是源于为大众提供切实可行的价值。通过让“奢侈”变得触手可及,并始终心系普通消费者,一个从街头摊贩起步的品牌,构建起了一道以“平价”为核心的全球护城河。

下次当你看到蜜雪冰城那标志性的“雪王”笑脸时,请记住,它所代表的绝不仅仅是“低价”。它承载着祖母的关爱、兄弟间的情义,以及一种在生活重压之下依然坚韧不屈、绝不言弃的可贵精神。

作者:吴林朔,《AI时代下的董事会优势》(The Board Advantage in the AI Era)及《谁在挑战老板?》(Who Challenges the Boss?)书的作者。

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